Hammond and coworkers 10 showed that the majority of antibiotic-sensitive Escherichia coli strains were inhibited by QACs and that strains of Klebsiella, Serratia and Proteus were uniformly more resistant to the quaternaries than E.
However, most of these organisms were also susceptible to the majority of antibiotics. Navajas et al 16 showed that the phenol compounds were less active than QACs when 70 hospital strains of Gram-negative bacteria were tested. In the present study, the antibiotic-resistant hospital strains of P. We also found that E.
Due to the capacity of surviving in unfavorable environmental conditions and to the high resistance to antibiotic agents, antiseptics and disinfectants, P. The transmission of this bacterium is almost always related to contamination of medical-surgical instruments and respiratory apparatus 8. Vess et al. Our study demonstrated that P. Nevertheless, the only strain susceptible to the QAC showed also more susceptibility to antibiotics used in the therapeutic of infectious diseases caused by this microorganism, such as cefotaxime, aztreonan, ceftazidime and quinolones.
The more appropriate disinfectants for hospital disinfection were aldehydes and hypochlorite. In relation to phenols and QACs, sometimes used in routine surface disinfection contaminated hospital rooms in Brazilian hospitals, they should be used in higher concentrations in order to achieve the requisites mentioned by Rutala et al.
However, disinfectant products should be selected more appropriately, as part of infection control practices, based on particular circunstances. For example, certain active agents, like QACs, are more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria Studies to determine the possible relationship between antibiotic resistance and disinfectant resistance of clinical isolates are rare.
The precise role of plasmids in disinfectant resistance and whether disinfectants can select for antibiotic resistance are unknown. With growing concerns about the development of biocide resistance and cross-resistance with antibiotics, it is clear that clinical isolates should be under continual surveillance and possible mechanisms associated with disinfectant-resistance should be more investigated.
Abrir menu Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. Abrir menu. Key words : disinfectant activity, antibiotic activity, hospital isolates.
Al Masaudi, S. Sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains to some antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants. Amyes G. Antibiotic resistance. Anderson, R. L; Carr, J. Susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococci to environmental disinfectants.
Control Hosp. Arlington, , p. Ayliffe, G. Problems of disinfection in hospitals. In : Russell, A. Brumfitt, W. Resistance to antiseptics in methicillin and gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. And in the development of a destruction mechanism against the microorganism. The active ingredients in a disinfectant determine the effectiveness of the product. Some commonly used ingredients are alcohol, quaternary ammonium compound, alkylamine and hydrogen peroxide.
Although each active ingredient works against bacteria in its own way, the typical mechanism involves attacking lipid membranes to breakdown the structural integrity of the microorganism. This is followed by denaturing the protein in the bacterium to disrupt essential functions such as cell protection, energy generation, motion, surface attachment and DNA transfer which eventually leads to cell lysis. Although it seems complex, in real life, the process only takes between a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the active ingredient.
Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic known as penicillin in when a rare strain of fungus excreted a substance that inhibited bacterial growth. Since then, many types of antibiotics have been discovered and used in the healthcare industry, leading to a new era of dependence, misuse and overuse of the drug. Different classes of antibiotics work differently in killing bacteria. Beta-Lactam antibiotics for example, prevent bacteria from building cell walls causing the pressure in the cell to increase and eventually explode.
Macrolides block bacterial ribosomes and prevent them from building life-crucial proteins. Quinolones break DNA strands and prevent them from being repaired which kills the bacteria. Antibiotics are usually administered orally, intravenously or as suppositories depending on patient condition and suitability. Antiseptics just slow the growth of bacteria instead of actually killing it off.
Unlike antibiotics, antiseptics are also effective on other microorganisms, making it potentially beneficial in fighting other infections. Antibiotics do kill the bacteria but are believed to be ineffective toward many other types of infection. It is believed that antibiotics may fight off certain parasites and fungi in the body, but they normally require a prescription since they are considered to be stronger.
Another important difference to note between antiseptics and antibiotics is that bacteria are likely to develop immunity to certain antibiotics after an extended use.
It has not been confirmed that bacteria have the same reaction with extended antiseptic use. Due to the limited function of antiseptics, they are usually used topically to prevent more bacteria and other microorganisms from entering open wounds, but some oral antiseptics do exist. Antibiotics are primarily taken orally, usually in the form of penicillin, to kill off infection inside the body.
There are few antibiotics that may be taken topically, and as with oral antibiotics, they usually require a prescription. Generally, your skin works hard to keep germs out. Many disinfectants are also excellent cleaners click here for a great deal of information about cleaners.
Within a formulation, the chemical that kills microorganisms is referred to as the active ingredient. When disinfectants are used to kill microorganisms on the body, they are referred to as antiseptics. When active ingredients are used on the hands, they are referred to as hand sanitizers. A few potent active ingredients can also be used in high concentrations to sterilize medical equipment, such as surgical endoscopes, without heat. Formulations that sterilize medical equipment are called cold sterilants.
Disinfectants and inanimate surface sanitizers are regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as pesticides EPA considers bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi to be pests, therefore subject to regulation by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.
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